1.
The relationship between different iodine sources and nutrition in pregnant women and adults.
Sun, R, Fan, L, Du, Y, Liu, L, Qian, T, Zhao, M, Che, W, Liu, P, Sun, D
Frontiers in endocrinology. 2022;13:924990
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Iodine is one of the essential trace elements in human body, which can only be obtained from the diet. Pregnant women are a special population, and their iodine intake needs to not only meet their own health needs but also to supply the growth of the foetus. The main aim of this study was to compare the iodine supplement measures and dietary contribution between pregnant women and adults. This study is based on a multi-stage random sampling method with a total of 2,128 pregnant women and 1,493 adults. Results show that iodine nutrition of pregnant women and adults was adequate in the four provinces included in the study. The largest difference of iodine levels between these provinces was the use of iodine during food preparation and the amount of dietary iodine intake. Additionally, the dietary iodine intake of pregnant women was less than the recommended nutrition intake. Authors conclude that various factors may affect thyroid disease prevalence in pregnant women, such as habitation (urban/rural) and gestation. Furthermore, it is important to coordinate the relationship between iodine nutrition and low sodium diet.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different iodine supplement measures emerge along with the economy development in China. The article objectives are to compare and explore the relationship between iodine sources and nutrition of pregnant women and adults. METHODS A total of 2,145 pregnant women and 1,660 adults were investigated by multi-stage random method. Questionnaire was used to collect basic information and the consumption of food, water, and iodine preparations. Household salt and individual urine and blood samples were collected, and thyroid function and morphology of pregnant women were measured. RESULTS The median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of pregnant women (164.49 μg/L) was lower than adults (187.30 μg/L, p < 0.05). Iodine supplement with IS (iodized salt) was the main measure for pregnant women and adults, and the difference was mainly on the consumption of iodine preparations between pregnant women (5.19%) and adults (0.85%). Moreover, adults' dietary iodine intake from food (100.6 μg/day), IS (140.8 μg/day), and drinking water (6.0 μg/day) was higher than those of pregnant women (86.5, 107.2, and 3.5 μg/day, respectively). Compared with iodine supplement with IS, ISFP (IS + iodine-rich food + iodine preparations) could reduce the risk of iodine deficiency for pregnant women. The MUICs for pregnant women and adults of iodine supplements with IF (iodine-rich food) and ISF (IS + iodine-rich food) were lower. For pregnant women, thyroid nodule (11.90%) and peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) positive (9.32%) were high prevalent thyroid diseases, and habitation (urban/rural), gestation, annual income, and drinking water type would affect them. CONCLUSION Pregnant women and adults had adequate iodine nutrition in four provinces. Their iodine supplement measures were different, the consumption of iodine preparations in pregnant women was higher, and their dietary iodine intake was lower than adults. ISFP was an effect measure for pregnant women to supplement iodine.
2.
Does high-carbohydrate intake lead to increased risk of obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Sartorius, K, Sartorius, B, Madiba, TE, Stefan, C
BMJ open. 2018;8(2):e018449
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
As overweight and obesity is rising globally, better understanding its cause is important to help with prevention and management of disease. The objective of this meta-analysis is to investigate the relationship between carbohydrate intake and obesity, particularly at the differences between low and high carbohydrate diets. Based on 22 articles that met the inclusion criteria, a high-carbohydrate diet, or increased proportion of energy intake in the form of carbohydrates, does not increase the risk of being obese. Based on these results, the authors iterate further studies are required to better understand obesity risk with regards different carbohydrate groups including refined versus unrefined carbohydrates.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to test the association between high and low carbohydrate diets and obesity, and second, to test the link between total carbohydrate intake (as a percentage of total energy intake) and obesity. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES We sought MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar for observation studies published between January 1990 and December 2016 assessing an association between obesity and high-carbohydrate intake. Two independent reviewers selected candidate studies, extracted data and assessed study quality. RESULTS The study identified 22 articles that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria and quantified an association between carbohydrate intake and obesity. The first pooled strata (high-carbohydrate versus low-carbohydrate intake) suggested a weak increased risk of obesity. The second pooled strata (increasing percentage of total carbohydrate intake in daily diet) showed a weak decreased risk of obesity. Both these pooled strata estimates were, however, not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the current study, it cannot be concluded that a high-carbohydrate diet or increased percentage of total energy intake in the form of carbohydrates increases the odds of obesity. A central limitation of the study was the non-standard classification of dietary intake across the studies, as well as confounders like total energy intake, activity levels, age and gender. Further studies are needed that specifically classify refined versus unrefined carbohydrate intake, as well as studies that investigate the relationship between high fat, high unrefined carbohydrate-sugar diets. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42015023257.